African savannah elephants

African savannah elephant populations are declining due to a range of threats. Most of these come from human activity, including illegal poaching, habitat erasure, and retaliatory killings.

Poaching

Poaching is one of the biggest risks to African savannah elephants. They are usually hunted for their ivory tusks, though they have historically also been poached for their meat. While restrictions on international ivory trade have reduced the levels of poaching, they haven’t yet eliminated it. Ivory is still extremely lucrative, and the black market for elephant tusks remains attractive to poachers.

Poaching hasn’t just had a consequence on the number of African savannah elephants left in the wild; it has also altered their genetics. Because poachers target elephants for their tusks, those who never developed tusks and carry the tuskless gene are more likely to survive and reproduce. Female African savannah elephants are now less likely to have tusks than in the past. It’s not clear what effects this artificial selection might have on the species, but we do know that tusks evolved from teeth because they gave elephants an evolutionary advantage. They’re used for digging, lifting objects, gathering food, stripping bark from trees to eat, and defense. Without them, African savannah elephants could struggle to survive.

Habitat loss

The African savannah elephant must also contend with widespread habitat loss and fragmentation.

As the largest land mammals in the world, it’s no surprise that African savannah elephants roam widely to find the food and water they need. They typically have ranges of over 30,000 square kilometres and, as such, need continuous territory to be able to range without interference from humans. However, as human populations expand, elephant territories are repurposed for human habitation, agriculture, and industry, thus reducing and fragmenting the elephants’ habitat. This makes it more difficult for them to find water, food, and mates, decreasing the population’s overall health.

Human-wildlife conflict

Many people live in elephant range countries—countries where elephants roam. As some of the world’s most marginalized people, they often find themselves competing with local wildlife for land, food, water, and other natural resources; they are also often unaware of their own encroachment onto the habitat of elephants and other wildlife.

Elephants increasingly find their home ranges cut off by new villages, farms, cities, highways, or industrial growth such as mining. Things like fences and train tracks force them to travel longer distances and risk injury. The land where they once foraged is now planted with crops for people and accessing watering holes leads them into increasing contact with villagers.

As climate change brings rising temperatures and changing rainfall patterns, those resources become even more scarce, and elephants get pushed into new areas. Forests begin to disappear, and humans face their own challenges as they must wander deeper into elephant territory to collect water or firewood. The competition becomes fierce and life-threatening—for people and wildlife.

Low reproductive rates

Even in optimal conditions, African savannah elephants reproduce very slowly. Not only do they have a gestational period of 22 months (which is the longest of any known animal) but they also only give birth to one calf per pregnancy and conceive every three to nine years. This very low reproduction rate means that it is difficult for elephant populations to recover.

How much does an African savannah elephant weigh?

Elephants are the largest land mammals in the world and African savannah elephants are the largest species of elephant. Adult males can weigh up to 6,800 kilograms. Even newborn African elephants can weigh as much as 90 kilograms.

Are African savannah elephants endangered?

African savannah elephants are classed as endangered by the IUCN. This is mostly due to poaching, but they are also vulnerable to habitat loss and human-elephant conflicts.

How big is an African savannah elephant?

As mentioned, African savannah elephants are the largest land animals. They can span nine metres from trunk to tail and reach as tall as four metres at the shoulder.

How long do African savannah elephants live?

African savannah elephants are long-lived. In the wild, they can have a natural lifespan of up to 70 years.

Do female African savannah elephants have tusks?

Female African savannah elephants usually have tusks. Previously, only around 2% of female African elephants were tuskless. However, the number of tuskless elephants has risen dramatically (by as much as 51% in some areas) as a consequence of poaching.

What do African savannah elephants eat?

African savannah elephants are herbivores and need to eat around 160 kilograms of food per day. Their primary food sources are grasses, especially during the rainy season, but they also eat leaves, bark, roots, and fruit, such as mangoes and figs.

What eats African savannah elephants?

Very few animals can prey on a fully-grown adult elephant, especially when they are travelling in a herd. A pride of lions will sometimes attempt to hunt an elephant, but this only occurs in extreme circumstances.

However, baby elephants are more vulnerable and likely to be hunted by lions, hyenas, and crocodiles. That’s why they stay close to the herd until they reach adulthood.

How many African elephants are left?

There are two types of African elephants: the African savannah elephant and the African forest elephant. Combining both species, there were around 415,000 African elephants left in the wild as of 2016. Worryingly, surveys suggest that this number is decreasing.

IFAW’s Room to Roam initiative is a new and visionary approach to conservation in Africa, with elephants and people leading the way. Backed by 20 years of science, fieldwork, and engagement with local communities, Room to Roam will ensure the persistence of viable and stable elephant populations long into the future. By securing and connecting habitats and by bringing people together, we will create safe passages for elephants and other wildlife to move freely within their home ranges of East and Southern Africa. The result is greater biodiversity, a natural resilience to climate change, and a future where animals and communities will not only coexist but thrive.

We aim to support elephant population stability and resilience over time. We achieve this through connectivity and minimizing costly and unsustainable human management of elephant populations.

●    Support rangers: Ranger welfare is an important part of the support IFAW offers. Rangers need training, they need to be provided with housing in remote locations for field deployments, they need vehicles to patrol protected areas and buffer zones, and they need provisions and equipment to protect wildlife from poachers. Increasing the patrol areas requires more rangers.

●    Empower community: Scale our proven community partnership model to lease and secure new wildlife pathways; provide scholarships and income-generating activities. Engage the community in natural resource management for ecosystem health and as an economic driver.

●    Revitalize parks: Improvements to make parks and protected spaces more animal and tourist friendly will help the vitality of animal populations and the local economies. Environmentally friendly roads, increased access to water for wildlife, and comfortable safari tourism amenities are needed.

●    Rescue and rewild: Individual elephants matter for the survival of the species. Expand the rescue centers in Zimbabwe and Zambia to help more orphaned calves grow up. Support the monitoring of animals after re-wilding to ensure their safety. Conduct regular aerial censuses to assess population health.